UP level accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UP level accounting - Essay Example When a semi-variable cost is treated as a variable cost for the purpose of variance analysis, the charge of overhead is exceeded. This is because semi-variable costs do not vary with each unit of activity, but change depending upon the level of activity achieved.Therefore, by granting the status of variable costs to semi variable costs, the overheads are hiked and thus profitability is reduced. Similarly, fixed costs remain fixed over a period of time, irrespective of the levels of activity. By assigning the status of fixed costs to semi-variable costs, during times of lowered levels of activity, there is a high overhead charge which significantly erodes profitability.The result of treating a step-fixed costs, for the purpose of variance analysis, as a variable one would be that, if the costs need to be calculated on the shortest time frame, there may not be material variations, but if taken on the long time, the impact of the step fixed costs would not be realized, or in other words , profits may be over stated. For example, the costs of running a single machine for several months would be different from running several machines for a single month. (Blocher et al, 2008) Thus by assigning the nature of variable to a step fixed cost would overstate profits over a period of time.When an operation entails both fixed and variable costs, and if all costs are taken as variable, it would wrongly inflate profits and underestimate costs. The element of fixed costs is generic to all cost centers, and very conspicuous in the cases of Health Care Providers, since investments in hospital machinery, equipments and infrastructure are quite substantial. (Blocher et al, 2008). In case of high level of activities, by not assigning the rightful fixed costs, profits become inflated; however, if all overheads are accounted for as fixed, during lowered levels of activities, costs become higher than booked and this could be disastrous, especially for smaller companies with low revenue generations. Question 2 (i) The key drivers for profitability in an organization would be the correct assessment and implementation of cost factors- fixed, variable, semi-variable and step-fixed costs since any mis-match could lead to derailed planning, execution and incorrect decision-making. What is even more important is the correct booking of the overheads, since overheads not booked at all, or wrongly booked could lead to a host of critical problems later. The top management takes strategic decisions based on the cost data provided and it is therefore, it is essential that it be factually correct. (ii) The two variances depicted in Exhibit 3 consider the recovery of fixed overheads when the actual procedures performed, instead of the standard 50,000 procedures, was actually only 49,000 procedures. Fixed costs were considered at $50, 00,000 for the predetermined standard 50,000 procedures. But the actual procedures billed were only 49,000 and therefore $ 100 X 1000 - $ 100,000 was unrealized. (Blocher et al, 2008). (iii) Regarding Exhibit 4, the mismatch occurred because the aspect of fixed cost overheads was not correctly judged. The mismatch occurred because of the 460 examinations made, only 310 were billed, leading to 150 examinations carried out but not billed and the profits have been inflated by (460 - 310) X $ 20 = $ 3000. This is the reason why the profits are overstated. (Blocher et al, 2008). Question 3 (i) Traditional standard costing is a system by which predetermined value / efficiency standards are assigned for each element of cost. The actual performance is then matched against their Standard costs, and the variances, positive or negative are determined. This is an invaluable management tool since there is a complete breakup of cost components and determinants, and for each item of costs, it is possible to know the standard, the actual and the resultant variances. Hence adverse variances could be effectively monitored by

Induced Theraputic Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Research Paper

Induced Theraputic Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest - Research Paper Example This technique involves cooling of a patient to about 32 to 34 degrees Centigrade. Although introduced in 1950’s, it was abandoned due to certain difficulties however it was re-introduced in 1980’s after animal studies. After some successful studies, it is now approved by American Heart Association and is a part of their updated resuscitation standards. Given below is an insight into the steps involved, side effects and possible prognosis of induced therapeutic hypothermia. Therapeutic hypothermia is also known as ‘targeted temperature management’. Michelle E. (2011) has discussed in detail about the induction of therapeutic hypothermia and its outcomes in patients undergoing open cardiac surgery. She defines the therapeutic hypothermia as a ‘deliberate reduction of the core body temperature’ typically to a range of about 32 to 34 degrees Centigrade (89.6 to 93. 2). This is especially true for those patients who are unable to regain consciousness as the blood starts to circulate again following a cardiac arrest. During an open heart surgery, there is significant risk of neurological injury on account of the lack of oxygen supply to brain as the circulation comes to a halt. In the absence of oxygen, the brain undergoes anaerobic metabolism as reported by Michelle E. (2011). This leads to damage to ATP dependent cellular functions with a resulting increase in calcium and glutamate excretion. The brain cells thus become more active, consuming more oxygen. With the increasing hypoxemia, further damage occurs leading to cell death. The resultant cerebral edema further enhances the damage. Also, as a result of all these processes, the blood brain barrier also becomes ineffective further contributing to cerebral edema As soon as the circulation returns after the heart starts pumping again, reperfusion injury occurs which adds up to the ongoing damage. Meanwhile, there is already an onset of the inflammatory reaction as a result of

Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance - Assignment Example 2. A firm that uses RADR to evaluate investment projects would be most likely to apply the highest risk-adjusted discount rate to which of the following projects? a) The overhaul and repair of a large piece of machinery that it has been using for five years. b) An investment in a new piece of machinery to produce new products to be sold in China. c) An investment in a fleet of trucks to be used for delivery of its products. d) An investment in a new machine that will be used to improve the production process for one of its more successful products it has been producing for about 7 years. 3. A corporate bond with ten years to maturity pays $45 interest semi-annually. If the current market rate of interest on bonds in the same risk class is 9 percent; this bond will be selling for: a) Much less than $1000 b) Much more than $1000 c) Approximately $1000 d) There is not enough information here to be able to determine the answer to this question. 4. You have just calculated the NPV on an i nvestment. It is a negative ($3.33). The IRR on this investment is: a) Equal to the cost of capital b) Higher than the cost of capital c) Lower than the cost of capital d) There is not enough information here to be able to figure out the answer to this question. 5. A firm has daily remittances (collections) of two million dollars and can earn 9 percent on investments of surplus cash. The maximum this firm should pay for a cash management system that will reduce collection time by three days is: a) $5,400,000 b) $1,800,000 c) $540,000 d) $180,000 e) $3,000,000 6. Which of the following courses of action in regard to financing working capital would be taken by a firm, wishing to take moderate risk and earn a moderate profit? a) Long-term financing and a relatively low level of liquid current assets. b) Long-term financing and a relatively high level of liquid current assets. c) Short-term financing and a relatively low level of liquid current assets. d) None of the above represents a position of moderate risk and moderate profits. 7. A firm does not maintain a single, exact, debt/equity ratio at all times because: a) It will want to sell debt when interest rates are low and sell common stock when stock prices are high. b) It will want to take advantage of timing its fund rising in order to minimize the cost of capital over time. c) The â€Å"market† allows some leeway in the debt/equity ratio before it begins to penalize the firm with higher required rates of return. d) All of the above help explain why a firm does not maintain a single, exact debt/equity ratio at all times. 8. The relationship between the price of a bond and market interest rates: a) Is a positively correlated linear relationship b) Is an inverse relationship c) Cannot be determined d) Cannot be determined without more information than is presented here. 9. The closer the correlation coefficient between two investment projects is to (-1), the greater is the a) Risk of the â€Å"portfoli o† when the two projects are combined b) Risk reduction on the â€Å"portfolio† when the two projects are combined c) Return on the â€Å"portfolio† when the two projects are combined. d) Variation on the â€Å"portfolio† returns as compared to the returns on the individual projects. 10. When comparing three investment projects, if the expected cash flows from one project have a higher standard deviation than the cash flows of the other two, which of the follow

Operations Management Definition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operations Management Definition - Essay Example According to Westland (n.d., pp. 1), project is defined as to perform certain activities for the completion or execution of work which is planned to get delivered within a specific time. Projects have specific characteristics. For example, they are unique i.e. every project is different from the other. Another example is that there is certain amount of money in which they have to be completed in a specific time. Operations:According to Shim and Siegel (1999, pp.2), operations can be defined as the labor undertaken for making goods and services available. They have to be completed in time set by the customer and the manufacturer.Project and Operations ManagementAccording to Shim and Siegel (1999, pp.2), project and operations management is the management of all the processes or in other words, activities which are associated to the manufacturing of goods and services. According to Westland (n.d., pp.1), the project can be completed with the help of certain apparatus and dexterity. Wit h the help of talented people and good management project can be completed with success. With the help of dexterity, cleverness and skill the risks associated with in a project can be reduced. Experienced people are hired in management for this purpose. The tools or apparatus used to complete a project related to building a house may include pens, gauges, nails, wood, budgeting, CAD software and checklists etc. Methods or processes used for completing a project are divided in different and small tasks.

Critically appraises the concept of the public sphere in the context Coursework

Critically appraises the concept of the public sphere in the context of contemporary digital media - Coursework Example The intent also acts as a public sphere where people bring together their opinion. The opinion generated from the public sphere can be channelized to the ruling government to act appropriate in regard to the need of the society. The societies consider the public sphere to be channel that they can use to voice their problems (Hauser 2005). In the modern world and in a more democratic society, public sphere has been of great resource to the ruling government. Ideas and dialogue from their subject are posed in the You Tube and therefore they can easily read them. In most circumstance it is the source of production and circulation of the discussions that are critical to the state. The circulation process doe not only reach the state but the society as a whole (Rutherford 2004). In this respect the voice of the poor is herd and given the equal chances in the development project in the community. Dialogue, act of speeches, debate and discussion can be held together even though people are in different locations. The convergence of the information in one source makes retrieval for the future references in the societies (Goodnight 2007). While the digital society appreciates the modern public sphere in the internet, it has become the major sources of propaganda and rumor mongering. The internet does not include the public opinion in totality. Only the a few people who are accessible to new technology enjoy while the rest does not. The poor’s voices cannot be herd while the rich continue to dominate creating the inequality the major challenge of modern democracy (Habermas 2009). Facts may be posed in the internet whose sources cannot be identified properly. In such cases it becomes arena of rumor and propaganda that cannot be relies upon. This is the major challenge that seems to hinder the well functioning of the public sphere in the modern society. Even though the use of technology is still advancing to mature, most of the

Java Programing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Java Programing - Assignment Example Java is also simple in that software that can run in small machines can be constructed in java. This feature in java enable clean definition of of interfaces and makes it possible to provide reusable software. Object orientation focuses on the design on the data or objects and on the interfaces to it. Java language has an extensive library of routines for easily coping with TCP/IP protocols like Http and ftp. This allows java application to open and access objects across the net via URLs with the same ease the programmers are used to accessing a local file system. Java is a very environmentally flexible language since it can be easily run in multiple operating system. An interface can be multiply-inherited and they can be used in a more flexible way than the usual rigid class inheritance structure. Java one can compute a data type name and have it trivially dynamically linked into the running system. By making interconnections between modules later in the execution of the program, java will completely avoid problems and make the use of object-oriented paradigm much more straightforward, Libraries can freely add new methods and instance variables without any effect on their clients. Shows a set of use cases and actors (a special kind of class) and their relationships. Use case diagrams address the static use case view of a system, these diagrams are important in organizing and modeling the behaviors of a system. The goal of the use case is to identify all the features that the users of the system expects the system to support, but it does not reveal any details about the implementations of these features. The system can be run in systems from windows XP that has MS_Access as the database management software. The hardware minimum hardware requirements of the system that will be used to implement the system are Pentium II and above. Ram of -1gb and at-list a hard disk capacity of 20gb. This are the images in the system that users will upload

Critically appraises the concept of the public sphere in the context Coursework

Critically appraises the concept of the public sphere in the context of contemporary digital media - Coursework Example The intent also acts as a public sphere where people bring together their opinion. The opinion generated from the public sphere can be channelized to the ruling government to act appropriate in regard to the need of the society. The societies consider the public sphere to be channel that they can use to voice their problems (Hauser 2005). In the modern world and in a more democratic society, public sphere has been of great resource to the ruling government. Ideas and dialogue from their subject are posed in the You Tube and therefore they can easily read them. In most circumstance it is the source of production and circulation of the discussions that are critical to the state. The circulation process doe not only reach the state but the society as a whole (Rutherford 2004). In this respect the voice of the poor is herd and given the equal chances in the development project in the community. Dialogue, act of speeches, debate and discussion can be held together even though people are in different locations. The convergence of the information in one source makes retrieval for the future references in the societies (Goodnight 2007). While the digital society appreciates the modern public sphere in the internet, it has become the major sources of propaganda and rumor mongering. The internet does not include the public opinion in totality. Only the a few people who are accessible to new technology enjoy while the rest does not. The poor’s voices cannot be herd while the rich continue to dominate creating the inequality the major challenge of modern democracy (Habermas 2009). Facts may be posed in the internet whose sources cannot be identified properly. In such cases it becomes arena of rumor and propaganda that cannot be relies upon. This is the major challenge that seems to hinder the well functioning of the public sphere in the modern society. Even though the use of technology is still advancing to mature, most of the