The Honor Code

This course will survey the significant events, personalities, and changes in military affairs that occurred between the colonial period and the present day. Students are expected to grasp complex theories and ideas pertaining to the interpretation of American Military History. Requirements: Students are required to attend all classes and are expected to keep up with the assigned readings. Students are also expected to submit four graded writing assignments and participate on four discussion days.Finally, each student is expected to complete an in-class mid-term and a final examination held during the University's prescribed examination day. Grade Breakdown: Writing Assignments: 30% (1 0% each) Final Project: 15% Participation: 5% Mid-term: 25% Final Exam: 25% Writing assignments: Students will submit three typed response papers, each 3-5 pages (750 to 1,200 words) in length, in response to three assigned books. These assignments are due on February 3, March 3, and April 7. They will be in response to J. K.Martin's and Edward Lenders A Respectable Army, Perry Gaminess's and Grady Machinery's Attack and Die, and Robert Lessee's Helmet for My Pillow. TO receive a high grade, each student must demonstrate four things: First, each student must concisely and accurately explain the book's central argument. Since Lessee's book is a memoir, there will not be an argument as such, but a central theme. Identify the central theme. ) State the thesis clearly in the first paragraph. Second, each student must summarize the evidence or examples utilized by the author.Third, each student must offer an analytical critique of the book. (This means critiquing the scholarship, not the author's writing style). Fourth, students must cite their sources, and to do this, they must use footnotes or endnotes. (For assistance in the proper format, see http://press. Chicago. Deed/books/turban/ turban_acidification. HTML. ) Emailed papers will not be accepted. Late papers will not be accepte d except in the case of emergencies, and in case of those emergencies, students must provide proof that the emergency situation occurred.Final Project. On April 28, students will submit a final project paper, 7-10 pages (1 , 750 to 2,500 words) in length. Read the final book assigned to this course, Craig Mulligan's The Unforgiving Minute, and write a critical review of it. Adhere to the guidelines described in the section on ‘Wavering assignments. † However, in explaining Analyses argument, your final project must do two additional things. First, it must clearly define the â€Å"unforgiving minute. † What did Manually mean by this phrase?Second, this paper must identify, in your own opinion, the five most important moments in Analyses military education. What five moments most well-prepared him for combat? Students must appropriately cite their sources. (Use the Chicago Manual of Style-?see http://press. Chicago. Deed/books/TU proper citation format. ) Emailed pa pers will not be accepted. Late papers will not be accepted. Participation: On February 3, March 3, April 7, and April 28, students are expected to have read the books assigned for those days.They are expected to participate in an informal discussion of the material with their classmates and instructor. Non-participation in these discussions may result in a 0% for each students participation grade. Mid-term: On March 5, students will take an in-class mid-term. Students must bring a blue book to class to submit their response. Responses not written in a blue book will not be accepted. Anal: Students will take a final examination on April 30. Students must bring a blue book to the exam to submit their response. Responses not written in a lee book will not be accepted.Final Grades: Final Grades are earned according to the following point system. A Conduct: Students should remain courteous and respectful at all times. Students must also adhere to the University's principles of academic integrity-?the pursuit of scholarly activity in an open, honest, and responsible manner. All students should act with personal integrity, respect other students' dignity, rights and property, and help create and maintain an environment in which all can succeed through the fruits of their efforts. Dishonesty of any kind will not be tolerated in this course.Dishonesty includes, but is not limited to: cheating, popularizing, fabricating information or citations, facilitating acts of academic dishonesty by others, having unauthorized possession of examinations, submitting work of another person or work previously used without informing the instructor, or tampering with the academic work of other students. Old Dominion University adheres to an Honor Code. The Honor Code applies to all work done for this class. Any violation of the code, even one as minor as the accidental omission of quotation marks, will result in a failing grade for the assignment in question.Plagiarism in any form is not acceptable. Any student who violates the rules specified below will receive a zero for the assignment in question, perhaps a failing grade for the course, and may be subject to disciplinary action by the university. For more information, please consult: http://al. Odd. Deed/al/ resources/undergrad. SHTML. 1 What is plagiarism? Old Dominion's Catalog defines plagiarism as follows: â€Å"A student will have committed plagiarism if he or she reproduces someone else's work without acknowledging its source; or if a source is cited which the student has not cited or used.Examples of plagiarism include: submitting a research paper obtained from a commercial research service, the Internet, or from another student as if it were original work; making simple changes to borrowed materials while leaving the organization, content, or phraseology intact; or copying material from a source, supplying proper documentation, but leaving out quotation marks. Plagiarism also occurs in a group projec t if one or more of the members of the group does none of the group's work and participates in none of the group's activities, but attempts to take credit for the work Of the group. † 2)Hints for Avoiding Plagiarism: a) More than three words copied in sequence is plagiarism. This is ordinarily a good yardstick to use when wondering whether or not quotes are appropriate; they are, if you are copying more than three words in sequence that are not part of a common phrase (e. G. â€Å"up-to-date†). B) When in doubt, cite! If you have any doubt about whether or not to cite a source, err on the side of making the attribution. C) Look away. When you are writing, do not have open books or papers in front of you as you type. Read your sources, and then put what you have read into your own words. Avoid Internet sources. The Internet is a fantastic resource and search engines are terrific research tools. But what you find on the Internet was written by someone; it is their intelle ctual property. Also, when it comes to history, many internet sites can factually incorrect. There is no supervision to prevent amateurs from posting erroneous interpretations of history. If you absolutely must cite Internet web sites, you must cite the web address, and if you use a quote, use appropriate quotation procedures. E) Paraphrasing is more than changing a verb tense or reordering a list.Essentially, paraphrasing is used to summarize another author's text. A paraphrased passage must be cited. F) Use a Style Guide. Purchase a style guide and refer to it. Your instructor may suggest one that is specific to an academic discipline. You may also ask a reference librarian for recommendations. 3) The High Cost of Plagiarism: Plagiarism can ruin your reputation and cost you your professional career, along with the respect of your peers. Plagiarism at Old Dominion University is an act of academic dishonesty that has serious consequences.Note that plagiarism is pacifically covered i n the Old Dominion Honor Pledge. Refer to the Student Handbook and the Office of Student Affairs for details about sanctions and penalties for this behavior. Disability Access Statement: Old Dominion University encourages qualified people with disabilities to participate in its programs and activities and is committed to the policy that all people shall have equal access to programs, facilities, and admissions without regard to personal characteristics not related to ability, performance, or qualifications as determined by university policy or by state or federal authorities.

Supporting Health And Wellbeing Education Essay

Every school and baby's room in Scotland are on a journey to excellence, all schools and early old ages scenes are at different phases of implementing a new Scottish course of study, entitled Curriculum for Excellence, where there are three nucleus topics, one of which is wellness and well-being. The experiences and results of this topic are listed under the headers mental, emotional, societal and physical well-being, be aftering for picks and alteration, physical instruction, physical activity and athletics and nutrient and wellness. As stated in the Curriculum for Excellence â€Å" Children and immature people will develop their acquisition in wellness and well-being by developing the cognition and apprehension, accomplishments, capablenesss and properties which they need for mental, emotional, societal and physical well-being now and in the hereafter † . In readying and during the digest of this undertaking, I have taken history of university readings and notes, literature, statute law, authorities guidelines, local authorization and the baby's room betterment program. The first reading which influenced my undertaking was â€Å" Promoting Health a Practical Guide by L Ewles and I Simnett † I realised wellness has to be promoted in a holistic position and all facets of wellness are interrelated and mutualist. ( See appendix one ) I will associate the theory of wellness and well-being within the country of physical exercising for the kids, parents and staff in Abronhill Nursery School. At present turn toing wellness and well-being, the baby's room have already received the gold award for wellness publicity. The manner frontward here is to guarantee all experiences and results, at the early degree are being addressed. Taking history of the guideline which is supported by The World Health Organisation, kids should hold at least one hr of moderate activity most yearss of the hebdomad. In â€Å" Let ‘s Make Scotland More Active † it is emphasised that this hr will merely hold a positive result if it is choice clip, hence my planning for the acquisition experiences in physical exercising had to be thought out and implemented to guarantee kids benefit from them. I knew that I had to pull off my clip in order to accomplish the 10 experiences with the kids and discussed this with the caput instructor and the two members of staff assigned to be my wise man. My chief focal point in each experience was the results and experiences from the Curriculum for Excellence, in add-on to this I researched and read relevant readings. As detailed in be aftering grid one ( Appendix two ) , I read the Curriculum for Excellence and the Health publicity and nutrition ) ( Scotland ) Act 2007. I gained a cognition and apprehension and was able to take the appropriate results for my planning. When frontward planning, I took into history that physical exercising is critical for physical development, but besides cognitive development, which I learned in one of my talks. This is highlighted in The Helping Young Children to Learn Through Movement Programme by Celia O Donovan who points out that â€Å" Children learn through motion and have a better opportunity of going successful scholars if they develop, organic structure consciousness, musculus tone, balance control, clasp and finger motion and manus to oculus co-ordination † , this in bend links to th e five major constituents of wellness, â€Å" cardio-respiratory, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibleness and organic structure composing † . ( Powers and Dodd 2009 ) In my first learning experience, I planned an experience that related to nursery planning and took history of kids involvements. On contemplation I know that I provided an activity where the kids were to the full engaged, extremely motivated and interacted good, but in treatment with my wise man, it was pointed out that I must concentrate more on the results I wanted the kids to accomplish, this was constructive unfavorable judgments. I will concentrate on the kids ‘s advancement and I will measure suitably. My self-evaluation allowed me to be after my following experience successfully. â€Å" Self-evaluation has become increasing stratified across Scots instruction and has contributed good, to bettering accomplishment for all kids † ( HIME, 2007 ) With mention to The Child at the Centre, quality index 2.2 â€Å" The extent to which parents, carers and households are committed to and actively involved in the life of the Centre † . My following planned experience larning grid three ( Appendix two ) takes history of parents and carers who where encourage to take portion in a Zumba category. It promotes a cognition and apprehension of what I am seeking to accomplish with the kids and involves the parents in physical exercising. I have read parents as spouses and I know that in Abronhill nursery school â€Å" Parents and carers will be encouraged to take portion in the service with staff set uping effectual partnership and maintaining in regular communicating † ( National Care Standards, 2002 ) . This experience besides takes history of â€Å" Young Children ‘s Health and Wellbeing by Underdown A † which states â€Å" Parents are the most important resource in advancing kids ‘s wellness and well-be ing, and they should be valued, respected and supported † . On contemplation I can clearly see how this has been put into pattern and how to include parents in their kids ‘s acquisition. I have included exposure of the wall show I created, utilizing parent ‘s remarks ( See appendix three ) . Within this experience I had a duty to run into the demands of an single kid. I was specifically asked to back up her in the afternoon zumba category, as she had already participated in the forenoon. Her keyworker felt support was necessary as she attendances nursery all twenty-four hours. As my observation notes show alternate support was offered. I closely monitored her advancement and attended to her single demands. My uninterrupted planning for physical exercising within the nucleus topics of wellness and well-being, I am really cognizant of doing certain I plan a assortment of activities to turn to the results. The kids have to be excited and motivated by the challenge set within the activity and this clip I planned an obstruction class. Planing grid four ( Appendix two ) . As my observation notes show the kids where a spot over excited at the beginning, but I was able to settle them, by calmly speech production to the kids and including them in the presentation. It was of import for the kids to listen to the regulations and remain safe. On contemplation in conversation with my wise man I was cognizant of pre-positional linguistic communication and she specifically asked me to listen for kids who used this, as she will farther develop this linguistic communication and take the kids ‘s larning frontward. I now understand that during activities there can be really of import links to other countries of the course of study. The experience I planned for Monday 8th November larning grid figure five ( Appendix two ) was to be held out-of-doorss. This experience was included in nursery planning. ( See Appendix four ) On contemplation I feel the conditions was a factor that influenced the kids ‘s enjoyment, it was stop deading cold and the kids did non profit from this experience, even though they had appropriate vesture on and I am cognizant if the importance of out-of-door acquisition in all conditions conditions. With mention to ( Appendix two ) experiences numbered six and seven, I feel the equipment ( See appendix five ) played a large portion in the kids ‘s acquisition and promoted physical exercising. The difference was evident with all of the kids, in one instance a male child demand a drink of H2O from being on the Wii tantrum and said to me â€Å" I will be back for another spell † . I noticed this in contrast to see figure five, did nil to excited them or desire them to carry-on . I truly learned from this experience how equipment, conditions and motive truly affects the kids ‘s battle and acquisition, in future I would will measure these factors and have another experient planned as a dorsum up. I feel the Wii tantrum is relevant up-to-date, educational and popular with the kids and the experience can be linked from place. On contemplation I used congratulations suitably to actuate the kids and promoted independency, the kids enjoyed the chance to exert. In wellness and well-being, during this arrangement I have addressed and been successful in supplying many chances for the kids to develop a â€Å" positive experience of healthy life activities to larn to get by with ambitious state of affairss and assist them to get down to â€Å" get the capacity to prolong physical, emotional and societal well-being † ( Curriculum for Excellence ) Within this baby's room puting the caput instructor and staff are advancing healthy instruction to each other, visiting staff, kids and parents. My work fitted in the overall properness in the baby's room betterment program and I successfully addressed physical exercising in the early old ages puting. Relevant readings and farther surveies made me cognizant of how other factors influence the wellness and well-being of kids e.g. fleshiness, poorness, attitude of parents and environmental factors. In the hereafter I will be able to confidently utilize the cognition and accomplishments I have gained in the country of physical exercising. I shall widen my cognition of the other factors by reading and research. I will be able to travel in to other early old ages scenes and set my cognition into pattern, but I besides need to analyze the others two countries entitled diet and nutrition and mental wellness and wellbeing as they are interlinked.

Provide Support to Maintain and Develop Skills for Everyday Life Essay

1.1 A skill is simply something someone can do. There are various different means and methods to maintain the skills depending on the individual and the lives they wish to live. If it is to keep their home clean different methods such as signs with instructions on what needs to be done in each room, a Rota, or maybe even just being shown how to do the task at hand. If they are having difficulty with bathing they may need someone supporting them to help them maintain their personal hygiene, aids such as hand rails, special access baths etc. Giving an individual a walking aid to help them maintain their Independence with mobility, a scooter or possibly a guide dog. Approaches to skill development Should be based on factors such as type of skill, capacity, ability, living situation and there personal outcomes. 1.2 There are various reasons why support may be needed to regain or develop skills such as lack of ability or understanding of how to perform skill, lack of confidence, lack of opportunity to develop skills, physical disability, old age, social isolation, mental health, learning disability etc. 1.3 Maintaining, regaining and developing skills can benefit individuals in various ways. It builds on self worth and self-esteem, ensures there are more opportunities and helps regain confidence and independence working towards an altogether better well being and quality of life. 2.1 Skills for life are actions or activate that enable people to live as independently as possible. These may include personal hygiene, eating, preparing meals, dressing and undressing, mobility and transfers i.e. from bed to chair, taking and handling of medication, managing money, using technology, shopping for groceries or clothes. Working with others to  identify skills for everyday life that the individual needs to be supported with will give you a better overall view on their needs. Speaking to family members, friends, colleges, doctors, mental health team, to get everyone input will help your understanding but mainly sourced from a person’s questionnaires and P.C.P tools. The importance of P.C.P planning is that it starts with what someone can do and then looks at where there are gaps where the person may need support. See P.C.P tools attached. 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, P.C.P tools attached 3.1 To help someone maintain or develop skills through active participation is very important. This can help improve their self-esteem and give them more independence. If you have an individual who had a poor diet and cannot cook, giving them information about healthy choices and letting them pick which foods they would like. If someone has no culinary skills it is important you do not cook alone for them and get them involved so they pick up these skills. This could be by you showing them how to peel one potato and having them doing the rest and then showing them how to cook them, the individual could write down these steps so they can be used in the future.in the case of the client I key work we have supported him in learning how to complete a balanced diet shopping list by presenting options suggested to him by his nutritionist in a list then using that list whilst shopping enabling him to have healthier options whilst maintaining his choice and control Unit 311 Provide support to maintain and develop skills for everyday life 3.2 I always give positive and constructive feedback to help encourage the individual and so they can progress in their new skill. If they want to cook a new meal they haven’t done before you could remind them that they have cooked the ingredients before but in a different recipes and reassure them how well they did. If they were to cook a piece of steak that got slightly burnt and overcooked your constructive criticism could be in future to keep it at a lower heat but it was a great first try. I also do regular case studies, reviews and 1-1’s to help show evidence on what affects this has  had on the individual, how they feel and to enable us to promote active participation in a reflective/positive way. 3.3 The actions to take if an individual becomes distressed and unable to continue are to offer reassurance that the person will not come to harm, communicate that you understand their distress, say how well the individual is doing with the everyday skill, seek advice or assistance from a senior colleague, make sure the individual remains safe, suggest stopping the activity. Stopping the activity should normally be an option after other options have been tried. The distress the individual experienced should be recorded, reported so the care plan and if necessary reviewed. 4.1 You need to decide with the individual and others involved in the plan what criteria and process is for evaluating the support. If this individual has aims they needed to reach such as: the individual needs to gain culinary skills and they need to have support bathing. When it comes to the evaluation you need to see if these aims have been met.   Has the goal been achieved? If not, how much progress has been made? How effective is the care to date? Are different forms of care needed? How will this care be provided? 4.2 When i have my agreed role of the goal that needs to be reached i need to evaluate it and decide if anything needs to be changed. If i was to support someone with a physical difficulty and their skill that needed developing was keeping their home clean and it was agreed you would go their twice a week to motivate and support them. When it comes to evaluating the outcome to see if my role is working and i decided that the individual is struggling keeping on top of their housework and i decide this method isn’t working. I need to work with others to decide what can be put in place to make it easier from the individual. 4.3 When i evaluate and discover that a part of the plan isn’t working i revise this. If they were struggling with pushing the hoover and heavy duty chores around the house it could be agreed they could have home help in three times a week to do the chores that are more psychically demanding and they could do easier tasks such as washing dishes, general tidy. This would help them reach their goal and still be acclivity participating.

REGULATION, COMPLIANCE AND GOVERNANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

REGULATION, COMPLIANCE AND GOVERNANCE - Essay Example When the derivatives were distributed, it created an opportunity of basic training and helped in exploiting the difference in prices in future and spot markets. The gas trading of Enron had allowed it to be a market maker and acted as counterparty by trading on both sides and made profits as spreads between the offer and the bid price. Enron was under residual risk after it accessed both the markets and was able to overcome the same by entering into swaps and other such arrangements with dealers. As Enron owned physical plants and took charge of operating those, it had a comparative advantage over the competitors. The company was also able to protect itself from the market price movements for the same reason. Being an industry insider, it also had advantages of acquiring information needed for forecasting shocks related to particular region or sector. Therefore, besides being a market maker, Enron was also a creator of new products. The business strategy used by Enron, in 1990s, was asset light and vertical integration, after it became too leveraged due to the merger. The asset light approach indicates combination of the development of sophisticated risk management techniques with the least amount of ownership and operation of plants. Virtual integration system helps to maintain the reliability of a product with less capital investment. Enron took advantages of deregulation of the US energy markets, as later on, it can be noticed that they enjoyed the experience of steadily rising profit from merger of two utility based companies. Additionally, besides owning several gas pipelines, it also ran a natural gas as well as electricity transmission business. After 1985, Enron even started trading in gas and offered various types of derivates to interested customers, when the gas pipelines business met an end. When the derivatives

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research Paper Example In this passage, Job seems to suggest that Gods severity on human beings is unjustified. He asserts over and over again that he is innocent and free of sin and challenge’s God’s decision to make him suffer. He questions God and even accuses him of torturing him, irrespective of whether he is virtuous or evil: â€Å"Thou renewest thy witnesses against me, and increasest thine indignation upon me; changes and war are against me† (King James Bible. Job. 8.17). This passage works both integrally in the Old Testament narrative of The Book of Job; as well as a standalone piece. This is because it falls within the dialogue between Job and his friends and is still a complete speech in itself. This particular passage is a distinct part of Job’s reply to Bildad, beginning from Chapter 9, where continues to assert his own innocence against the severity of God. Bildad had previously been appalled at Job’s suggestions and claimed that God does not reject a blameless man: â€Å"Behold, God will not cast away a perfect man, neither will he help the evil doers† (Job. 8.20). This is followed directly with Zophar the Naamathite’s speech, beginning from Chapter 11, which scolds and criticizes Job for attempting to understand God’s mysterious ways of working: â€Å"Canst thou by searching find out God? Canst thou find out the Almighty unto perfection?  It is as high as heaven; what canst thou do? Deeper than hell; what canst thou know?† (Job. 11.7-8). But the shift between speakers is not the only reason behind the autonomy of this passage. Chapter 8 is marked by a change in tone also. Job’s arguments get more fervent and demanding. He accuses God of unjustly punishing him, ignoring his friends and their cautious admonitions. Job goes as far as to wish death upon himself, asserting time and again that he would rather be dead than undergo such suffering. Structurally, The Book of Job has a â€Å"poetic core surrounded by a prose

Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Case Analysis - Essay Example One another importance service provided by BizRate was research on the market performance of the companies. The web portal made use of the customized survey forms filed by the customers to tabulate the research findings. These research findings acquired much market demand as it helped the companies to analyse their market performance and strategies. In October 1999, BizRate released a new website which had added features like merchandising and referral services. The company along with its listed merchants gained remarkably huge response for this innovation. The pace of market involvement and revenue generation was accelerated through this creative effort. This prophesied the scope that the company would have in ecommerce. However a concentration on ecommerce would mean that the company will have to drop out its research services as managing both effectively would not be possible within the capacity of the company. BizRate is thus in a very important stage where they are to take a cru cial management decision pertaining to the primary focus of the company. Given the advantage that the company gained after lodging newer features like merchandising and referral services, the company and its management has felt the scope that its holds as a ecommerce company. There had been substantial increase in the revenue as well, after the implementation of the new features. However so as to concentrate more on ecommerce, the company will have to completely drop out the research services for which it was renowned for. As the manpower had attained optimal exploration for the sake of research services, it was not possible for the company to equally concentrate on both research and ecommerce with the existing facilities. The company had to fix their primary focus on either of the business operations. The case study does not provide data

Why do elderly people prescribed with assistive daily living devices Essay

Why do elderly people prescribed with assistive daily living devices abandon them - Essay Example As well, this study shall extend current limited knowledge of the processes for gaining informed consent of the elderly. Elderly participant recruitment shall take place within the city of [.] in the UK. Adult nursing home services shall provide elderly clients and their families with a brochure to let them know about the study, and there will also be a posting in the local newspaper for two weeks. Elderly clients who are eligible for this study will be outpatients who have been prescribed an AD within the last two years. A non-probability sampling recruitment was chosen because of the specific characteristics of the target population (i.e., elderly, living at home, have been prescribed an AD, and receive visits from an adult nursing service), and so a random sample would not be feasible (Shank, 2002). Purposive sampling is a non-probabilistic sampling technique that has the will advantage this study because the sample size does not have to be determined before the research, and this study's sample will be constrained by time and available resources (Shank, 2002). Purposive sampling allows selection c riteria to be used to determine eligibility of the participant (Shank, 2002). The selection criteria will be that the participant: be over the age of 60 years; be receiving adult nursing home care; have been prescribed at least one AD within the last two years; not be using a hearing aid; be cognitively aware in order to provide informed consent and to take part in an interview. Informed consent is a critical ethical consideration for any research study (Penslar, 1995). Informed consent allows participants to make a reasonable choice to participate in the research, and so it is implied that the goals of the research align with the aspirations of the participant (Penslar, 1995). Literature advising on how best to gain informed consent from the elderly is limited, and to date there are is no standard procedure for ascertaining the competency of an elderly person who agrees to take part in research (Stanley, Guido, Stanley & Shortell, 1984). The elderly are more likely to be experiencing impaired cognition, vision, hearing or speech, so for this study each potential participant shall be asked to discuss their understanding of the research process with the investigator before they sign the informed consent form (Stanley et al., 1984). Persons who demonstrate a lack of understanding, or confusion about what is expected of them during the research shall be thanked and excused from the study. It is anticipated that the present study will contribute to current discourse within the medical community of gaining informed consent from the elderly. As well, thorough recording of procedures for gaining their consent are hoped to encourage other researchers to consider their responsibility and the power relationship with elderly participants in terms of participant well-being, as well as the legalities, ethics, and public accountability involved (Stanley et al., 1984). Informed consent will ensure respect for the dignity of the elderly (Penslar, 1995; Shank, 2002). And coercion of participants will be avoided at all costs (Penslar, 1995). The consent form will be read

Art Criticism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Criticism - Term Paper Example One of Tooker’s most renowned painting, Government Bureau (1956) is a figurative portrayal of bureaucratic system: the viewer sees the depiction of a typical government office in the mid1950s’ America: walls painted light yellowish color, square pillars support the ceiling, pendant ball-shaped lamps, numerous desks arranged carefully in the office space with clerks peeping though the portholes in matte glass, and people waiting for their turn to be processed. As we look at the foreground, we see a man in a coat who is possibly waiting for his turn or observing the scene. It seems that he is the ‘newcomer’ who is a little confused by the arrangement of the office and numerous lines. However, as the glance shifts to the left, we identify another identical man standing farther. Then, looking at other people in the office, we see that all of them are identical: copies of men and women stand in queues or at the desks. On the other hand, clerks’s faces â⠂¬â€œ or their fragments visible though the holes in matte glass – are identical, too. Moreover, they are holding their hands over the call buttons â€Å"ready to summon the next client† (McKiernan 140). While the clients’ faces are hidden from the viewer, wary faces and hands over the call buttons are all the viewer can see of the clerks’ figures.

Networks and System Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Networks and System Administration - Essay Example Company networks serve to facilitate communication processes in the company and facilitate management processes through the use frameworks such as the company intranet. In addition, connectivity to the internet comes with added advantages through which the company can communicate with the outside world. This implies that the implementation and the configuration of a computer network depend on the needs of that particular organization (Bagad 2009). For example, desktop layout is primarily determined by the office arrangement and the need to host a web site warrants the use of a web server in the overall network infrastructure of the company. This paper provided a description of the computer network implemented and management for Target Company (will call it X Company). 2. Part 1 – Network Evaluation of the business needs is the initial step of the design methodology; focusing on business needs, goals and objectives provides an avenue for the designing of a network that will mak e the business meet its requirements. The steps of the design methodology are outlined below. 2.1 Business requirements For a network design methodology to be effective, it must put into consideration the business needs. Business needs are the key drivers towards the implementation of any project. Understanding the organizational and corporate culture and the business processes of the X Company will play a significant role in determining the effectiveness of the design methodology. The design should be tailored so as to facilitate the realization of the business needs of the company (Barnick 2006). Some of the business needs of the X Company are outlined below. Enhancing employee productivity; the present IT infrastructure at the X Company does maximize on the potential of its employees. Reduction in overhead costs; currently, the company incurs a lot of expenses due to lack of proper communication and network infrastructure. To establish effective management strategies. To enhance customer satisfaction through increased employee productivity and increased efficiency in the execution of business processes. To enhance profitability through increased market share. 2.2 Design requirements The network design requirements are based on the business needs. The network design should facilitate the realization of the business requirements. Specific design standards are implemented basing on the design in accordance with the network and information needs of the X Company. The business needs and technical needs of the network play a significant role in determining the network infrastructure to be implemented (McCabe 2007). The X network rational is designed to achieve the following design requirements: management & security, scalability, performance and availability. 2.3 Analysis of network design The network design of any company cannot be effectively accomplished without proper security design if it is public as well as Intranet. Certifications on audit and certificati ons were written by the company and they are reviewed on regular basis to make sure that at all times only genuine employees with authority are the only ones being allowed to have access to their respective applications at any particular time (Caslow 1998). The first element of the network at X is a

The Life of Osama Bin Laden and a Wealthy Arabian Family Essay

The Life of Osama Bin Laden and a Wealthy Arabian Family - Essay Example The group has various terrorist gangs around the globe who pledge allegiance to them. The group has carried out many of attacks targeting Western governments and also western owned buildings. They carry the attacks as they are what they call infiltration of the Islamic religion (Hoffman, 2008). His well to do upbringing saw him attend prestigious schools in Saudi Arabia. He schooled in the Saudi port city in an elite school called Al Thagher Model School between 1968 and 1976 (Neumann, 2014). At the institution, he studied British style education alongside daily Islamic worship. According to Steve Coll, a writer for the New Yorker, Osama was introduced to Islamic teachings. This formed the foundation for his political and violent activism in favor of Islamic religion. At the age of 17, Osama was married to his first cousin. At this time, it was a normal convention among traditional Muslims to practice this. His wife was a Syrian woman from his mother’s side. He later on married three other women in line with the Islamic law. He bore between 20 and 30 children (Chossudovsky, 2001). He married at an early age to protect him from corruption. He attended his secondary and university education in Jeddah. He attended King Abdi Al-Aziz University where he studied public administration, economics, business administration as well as civil engineering. While at the university, he was very enthusiastic about religious debates, particularly Islam religion. Mohammed Laden first came to Saudi Arabia from South Yemen where he had spent most of his early years. He started as a very poor laborer, working as a porter in Jeddah port. He later got into the construction building from where he builds much wealth. While working in the constructions business, he developed very close ties with members of the ruling family at the time of King Saud (McAuley, 2005). The close ties with the first family saw his take the risk of building King Saud’s  palaces at very cheap prices, cheaper than the lowest bids.  

Regulation of Solicitors' Trust Accounts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regulation of Solicitors' Trust Accounts - Essay Example Summary of the Acts Section 3.3of both the Acts deals with â€Å"trust money and trust accounts†. This session involves several regulatory measures that would secure consumers’ interests in the legal service market. The Acts contain the provision for suspending stated operations associated with the solicitors’ trust accounts. They require solicitors to maintain a general trust account and accurate trust records, and present them before an eternal examiner for cross checking. The main intention of this provision is to increase the reliability of trust accounts and thereby secure consumer confidence. The Acts have also defined a set of condition for closing a general trust account. As per the provision, a law practitioner has the responsibility to deposit the trust money in the general trust account at the earliest possibility. The Legal Professional Act 2007 clearly states that disbursement of trust money must be under the direction given by the particular person. This provision will ensure that trust money is safe under the custody of solicitor until the time of disbursement. The Legal Profession Regulation Act 2007 The Legal Profession Regulation Act 2007 describes different aspects of keeping trust account receipts and payments book. This Act specifically directs solicitors to keep separate trust accounts receipts cash book and trust accounts payment cash book. Part 3.3(29) of the Legal Profession Regulation Act 2007 has clearly defined trust record copies to be printed at the end of particular periods. Mainly receipts and payments cash book, reconciliation statements, and trust ledger accounts and their balances have to be printed. In addition, section 37 of this Act holds provisions for secure withdrawal of trust money from a general trust account. This provision also adds value to consumer confidence, because it prevents deceitful withdrawal of trust money (Legal Profession Regulation Act 2007). Similarly, section 38 deals with payment of trust money through electronic fund transfer. It is one of the major provisions of the Act that secures consumer confidence to a great extent because probability of fraud is higher in electronic fund transfer. Section 42 directs solicitors to systematically record various transactions in trust ledger accounts as this method will be effective to distinguish between trust accounts of different clients. The Regulation Act also specifies journal transfer principles regarding transfer of trust money from a general trust account to another. It also insists to provide necessary and timely notifications to concerned beneficiaries. In addition, it is mandatory to issue trust account statements to the beneficiaries of the trust money. This type of provision helps consumers to keep in frequent touch with their account transactions. The regulation of solicitors’ trust account would assist consumers to ensure that their money is not misused for the benefit of third parties. According to the perception of Queensland Law Society (n.d), the strict regulation measure would prevent any type of unfair practice related with trust accounts. The most attractive feature of these Acts is that consumers are allowed to get informed of their account status. The Legal Profession Act 2007 The Legal Profession Act 2007 specifically states that the trust accounts should not be used for paying off any type of debt. This

Police Brutality Essay Example for Free

Police Brutality Essay Most of us have seen the videotape of police officers savagely beating Rodney King. But how typical was this behavior? The Rodney King incident is not representative of most police officers around the country. Television shows, newscasts, and written media exacerbate the problem when they do not focus on the criminal as the root of the problem. [C]urrent images of the police are drawn largely from television programs bearing little resemblance to reality (Delattre 29). Police brutality is a matter of serious concern, but it is not as prevalent as the media would have us believe. Police brutality is not a national crisis. Rodney King has become synonymous with police brutality. But what is police brutality? Bornstein states that [p]olice brutality is the use of excessive force by police officers (39). Most police are trained to use only the minimum amount of force necessary to control a given situation. The decision to use force is often made on a split second basis usually under difficult circumstances. The boundaries between justified and excessive force can sometimes be blurred under these circumstances. Under one set of circumstances, a particular action might be considered justified, but under differing circumstances, the same action might be considered brutality. Most cops do not like to hurt people; cops sometimes use unnecessary force. They also use extraordinary restraint (Sulc 80). Many police officers feel anguish after using fully justified force; few take pleasure in it. There are great strains on individual police officers: competing responsibilities, values, temptations, fears, and expectations. Police officers are called on to be patient mediators, skilled therapists, effective admonishers, daring crime fighters, obedient members of paramilitary agencies, etc. In the midst of these requirements is the violence inherent in police work. Police officers often witness women battered by husbands and boyfriends, children burned and broken by parents, pedestrians maimed by drunk drivers, teachers raped by students, and innocent strangers savaged by predators in  our streets. Even so, most police do not have a bunker mentality. They go on the force knowing what they will have to encounter. They like their jobs and are ready and able to stand the pressureusually. Some police adjust poorly to the pressures of police work. They become cynical from the danger, the perceived failure of the system, and the repetitiveness of their work. Some police officers despair over the violence, suffering, hopelessness, and ignorance they encounter every day. Even so, the majority of police officers continue the performance of their duties without resorting to brutality. In spite of the seriousness of the publicized incidents, far more serious than police brutalit y is the frequency of assault and murder perpetrated against the police. According to the U.S. Department of Justices Police Use of Force, 44.6 million people, or 21% of the population had face to face contact with police during 1996. Police contacts that resulted in the use of force or the threat of force totaled only five hundred thousand, or one percent of the total. Often times the use of force was preceded by some provocative action. Criminals often threaten the officer, assault the officer, argue or interfere with an arrest, posses a weapon, try to escape, elude, or resist arrest. After accounting for justified use of force, which is inherent in police work, less than one quarter of one percent of police contacts resulted in questionable use of force. This is hardly an epidemic. Given the small number of cases, a preliminary conclusion that could be drawn is that use of force is rare in police-citizen contacts and it is often accompaniedby some possibly provocative behavior (Police 14). On the flip side, if the media cares to report the flip side, 46,695 police officers were assaulted in 1996 (United States 65), resulting in 14,985 injuries and 55 deaths (United States 3). The statistics show that police officers are brutalized three thousand seven hundred and sixty times more frequently than criminals are. Americans are well served with professional dedication and with frequent instances of physical courage. The people who stand between violence and the public are the police. Sometimes criminals do not want to cooperate, but police are still expected to arrest them. Most police officers abhor  violence and despise fellow officers who use excessive force. Police brutality is not the epidemic we are led to believe it is. Let police do their job, if they violate the law, prosecute them as individuals without condemning every police officer in the country. Works Cited Borenstein, Jerry. Police Brutality. New Jersey: Enslow, 1993. Delattre, Edwin J. Character and Cops: Ethics in Policing. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute of Public Policy Research, 1989. Police Use of Force Bureau of Justice Statistics Website. 22 November 1998. Sulc, Lawrence. Police Brutality Is Not a Widespread Problem. Policing the Police. Ed. Paul A. Winters. San Diego: 1995. 79. United States. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division. Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted. Washington, DC: GPO, 1997

MCB Bank Pakistan: SWOT and PEST Analysis

MCB Bank Pakistan: SWOT and PEST Analysis Jump to: SWOT Analysis of MCB | PEST Analysis of MCB | Porters Five Analysis of MCB | Ecological Factors Affecting MCB This report analyses the largest bank of Pakistan, MCB. MCB was founded over 50 years ago in Pakistan, it has got a network of over 1026 branches, 750 are automated branches and 300 MCB ATMS in 41 cities of Pakistan. MCB has a network of over 12 banks on the MNET ATM switch. The aim of MCB is to rationalize expenses, realignment of back and processing to increase productivity, enhancement of customer services, increase efficiency and control. MCB is the only bank of Pakistan which introduced the innovative concept of centralizing Trade Services in Pakistan by providing centralized foreign trade services to its branches with view to improve efficiency, expertise and reduce delivery cost. MCB is the only bank who has been able to receive The Euro Money Award for the fourth time in the last 5 years. Since 2001 to 2005 MCB has won the best bank in Pakistan and in 2000 the best domestic bank in Pakistan awards. All though MCB also has distinction in winning The Asia money award in 2004 an d 2005. It has been 10 years that MCB has been privatized. MCB core businesses are corporate, commercial and consumer banking. In year 2005 MCB was the only bank of Pakistan to become the preferred provider of quality financial services. Financial services in the country with profitability and responsibility. In the year 2005 MCB was the best employers in Pakistan to employee graduates. According to the results, MCB witnessed resilient operating performance in the first quarter of 2009 with healthy growth in balance sheet and key profitability indicators. Total assets of the bank swelled to Rs 456b with an increase of 3pc over Rs 444b as at December 2008 and increased by 15pc over Rs. 397b in March 2008. Deposits showed an increase of Rs. 8b over December 2008 and closed at Rs 338b i.e. a growth of 2pc over Dec 2008. In 2007, MCB reported a profit after tax of PKR16.4 billion (US$270 million) and generated a return on average equity of 38% and a net interest margin of 8.08%. The Banks asset quality is strong with a gross NPL ratio of 4.7% and provision coverage of 100%. At the end of year 2006 MCB Bank announced it Net Income Rs. 12,541M (US$ 206M) which was an increase of 36.1% over 2005. Net Interest Income was Rs. 21276M(US$ 349M) for the year 2006, which was a healthy increase of 42% over the same period last year, with the pre provision operating profit at Rs.20, 113M( US$ 330M), a 39% increase over last year. However, the year 2007-08 has been very tough years for Pakistans economy. It is due to different factors such as political and economic events took place within Pakistan. The above explained events such as disturbed political conditions, an unstable law and order situation; supply shocks; soaring oil, food and other commodity; prices; softening of external demand; and turmoil in the international financial market. SWOT Analysis of MCB Strengths MCB Bank has earned a reputation in the market for extending quality services to the market vis-Ã  -vis its competitors. It has earned a strong Brand name in banking in a very short span of time. As customer confidence in MCB escort it towards achieving their goals and objectives. It has the premier number of linked branches in the country. The bank operates through a network of 1026 BRANCHES and over 300 ATMs across Pakistan, hence enabling them to serve customer in superior way. MCB Bank has all the products under its belt, which help it to extend the relationship with existing customer. MCB Bank has umbrella of products to offer their customers, if once customer has relationship with the bank. Some Products, which MCB Banks offering are Retail Banking, Business Banking, Merchant Establishment Services (EDC Machine), Personal loans Car loans, Demit Services with E-Broking, Mutual Fund (MCB Banks the Distributor of all Mutual Fund), Insurance and Housing Loans. MCB is having an ed ge over other banks in case of Salary Accounts. Most of the companies are having their Salary Account with MCB even if their Current Account is with any other Bank. This is mainly because of the huge network of ATMs and branches of MCB. MCB is only Bank which is having its working hours from 8 to 8 for some branches which is one of the major strength of MCB Bank with respect to nationwide business Industry. MCB Banks known for its aggressive marketing of its products. Recent Endorsement of its product by famous celebrities and superior advertisement to attract more customers. From its inception, MCB Bank has adopted a policy of selecting internationally proven and specialized Packaged Systems for its technology. MCB banks technology platform has been acknowledged globally as one of the best in terms of robustness, flexibility and cost efficiency. MCB Banks in a position to leverage this platform to further build cost and service advantage. MCB has a strong management team and have a very impressive cash flow with an excellent financial performance. As MCB was awarded 1st Asian bank providing good return on saving and current account to its customers. Weaknesses The bank targets only the top grade of clients and does not cater to the needs of small customers. Due to this reason the bank may sometimes loose good clients. As well they have to concentrate on their online banking to attract more customers as their online banking service has a weak image in front of customers. MCB Bank has a defensive approach in lending. Mainly to IT ITES companies Bank do not provide loan as these companies are not having collaterals so bank hesitate in giving loans to them. Because of this policy companies prefer nationalized banks and MCB Banking turn sometimes loose potential customers. MCB Banks having little presence Outside Pakistan, because of which companies prefer MNC Bank, mainly united bank limited (UBL). So if MCB Bank tries to emerge outside Pakistan then it has a huge potential of customers. MCB aggressive marketing has rapidly increasing its customer base. They are not however, increasing the number of employees accordingly. This is leading to c orrosion of the standard of customer service. Opportunities MCB can improve insurance services to compete in market. MCB insurance premium is high and return on claim is less in percentage. As other insurance companies are convincing their customers to buy insurance policies. It has been noticed that MCB has not been recruiting properly and their business need experts in various tax policies and service of bank. MCB has associated itself with various social causes such as helping poor people for food and medical treatment on low charges. MCB can improve their customer service as there is always a room to add innovative techniques and polices which could lead to additional proficiency of the institution. MCB recently introduces Mobile banking service, but most of the customers are unaware of the service and MCB could work on adverting it to give benefits of it to their clients. Threats MCB is having sturdy competition in market with its competitors as some of them having their branches nationwide and internationally as well. MCB is ready to provide all kind of services to their clients online but they have to make it confidential that the data is being protected and secure and cannot be leaked to third party. Branch managers are allowed to take decisions on their own in regard to their branch but decisions made by individuals will be different and a single wrong decision could escort towards intense losses to the institution. MCB has been facing trouble in providing good service to uneducated customers to use electronic and computerized machines. PEST Analysis of MCB The analysis of MCB will take in to account the general environment analysis, the competitors analysis by comparing the products offered by the competitive banks and the departmental analysis. The general environment of takes in to account the external factors like politics, economy of Pakistan, socio-cultural factors and technology. Now we will analyze these factors one by one and check how these affect the working of MCB: Political The current situation of the government in Pakistan is directly affecting the policies of banks. However, MCB tries hard to keep its business away from the politics but it is not an easy task. MCB has no accounts of political leaders or parties. However, its Customer Service Department faces peer pressure from such political parties. As MCB is trapped in dual sanctions from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and from the European Union so the changing political environment is not so beneficial for the bank to operate freely. The changing policies of the government, affects SBP which in return affects the MCB rules and policies. The government of Pakistan has privatized most of the banks. The number of government owned banks have declined constantly, so these changes directly affect MCB. Economical The economy of any country has deep impact on any financial organization. Economic indicators include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, balance of payment, debt of the government. These below graphs will explain how economic conditions of Pakistan are adversely affecting the banking system of Pakistan. The pitiable economy of Pakistan and instable government is adversely affecting MCB and its different departments; recently MCB has redundant many of its employees. The economy of our Pakistan is very poor. Due to poor economy businesses are showing low profits and Pakistan stock market is in great danger. Pakistans foreign debts are rising day by day, so such a situation is a huge challenge for MCB to survive. Due to financial crisis in Pakistan the management of MCB has to face stressful situations and also working environment. At present the MCB is not extending loans but recovering the existing ones. Social MCB has been influenced by the socio-cultural factors. At present most of the European countries are keeping their eyes on Pakistan as being the terrorist country, so people of Pakistan are emotionally getting affected by it. Most of the foreign investments have been stopped in Pakistan. Pakistani people are traditionalists who do not like the modern banking environment of MCB. Some of the customers do not use ATMs they still prefer cash counters, so these kinds of socio-cultural factors affect the banking environment and its operations. Technological Technology has a deep influence on different kinds of organizations whether banks or any kind social welfare organizations. In MCB technology has great effect on the working environment. Mostly all banks use computers none of the banks keep data manually so the bank has to be continuously in touch with the modern ways of task performance. MCB is always ahead to introduce new computer systems for keeping its staff up to date. The intranet facility is playing an important role in enhancing the knowledge of staff. Due to technology that bank staff keeps in touch with the customers through e mail; ATMs and online banking is only possible due to technology. In this way technology is playing its key role in and is helping management to further improve its functions. Conclusion: Overall we can say that MCB is influenced by the economic position of Pakistan, which has stopped it from extending loans to the customers. After that the policies of MCB are also affecting its performance and free functioning. Social and technological issues are of secondary importance but they also cannot be neglected. MCB is focusing positively regarding technological issues but it should also keep its eye on the social cultural factors also. Porters Five Forces Analysis of MCB For further analysis of MCB environment, Porters Five Forces Analysis is also applied on the bank. This analysis takes in to consideration the following factors: Substitutes Substitution of one product with another one increases the competition within an industry. However, the perfect substitutes of banks are not available in the market at present, but people still have choices of saving or investing their money. The people can save their money in their own houses or they can deposit their money in the National Saving Centers (Banking Intermediaries) which give protection to their assets. Aside from saving one can invest money in stock market in form of shares / bonds or in real estate. These kinds of substitutes increase the competition in the banking sector. Competition There is tough competition between different banks. There is a huge variety of public and private banks already exist in the market, offering products on competitive prices. If we look at banking products (loans, savings and current accounts) then Alfalah Bank, Meezan Bank, Habib Bank and many others are offering wide range of products in this sector. The tough competition between these banks increases the challenge which the MCB have to face. The competition among various banks increases the switching of the customers form one banks product to the other bank. Threat of new entrants The banking sector of any country has always potential of growth and competition. Mostly foreign banks step in the developing countries for expanding their branches, not only this mergers between foreign and local banks take place at large scale but Pakistans present economic condition and government instability has arose the feelings of awe and terror among most of the foreign banks to enter in the market. In future due to uncertainty and security problems in Pakistan investors will not be willing to invest here. Due to overall financial problems in the whole world new banks will not be entering in to the banking industry. Power of buyer Bargaining power of buyer is low where the products substitutes are not available and customers are large in number. In case of banks there are lots of other banks and banking intermediaries, having wide range of products, so power of buyer in banking sector is high. The bank cannot force any customer to buy the desired product because this directly affects its reputation. However, the bank can convince its customers by giving them special discount or rewards. If we look at MCB we will find that the competitors are also offering products due to which customer feel in power by saying that they can go to some other bank in case of dissatisfaction. Bargaining power of suppliers The lending power of bank is enhanced by its depositors as they are suppliers of the bank. It allows bank to involve in other business activities to invest such as personal and business loans. The suppliers then get interest on their amount as profit earned by the bank. Banks need to concentrate on their policies as bargaining power of suppliers is very high and they move towards highest interest rates. Conclusion According to Porters Five Forces analysis we can say that MCB has no fear of new entrants due to the poor economic position of Pakistan. However, it should keep its eyes open regarding mergers of various banks. There are two big threats; firstly from the buyers who can go to the other banks and secondly form the substitutes like investment in stock market, so MCB should carefully examine its task environment. The Ecological Responsibilities of Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB) 3 different parts are mentioned in this section: How ecological factors affecting decision making and policy at MCB How effective the action taken towards ecological environment been so far (reducing waste, reducing carbon emission, reducing energy bills, reducing airtravel, investing in sustainable project) how these have gone up and have benefited the company. What other areas of improvement that you think they should be doing to improve response of ecological factorsthink about what other banks internationally have done and suggest something to MCB. The public responsibilities of corporations, according to Harvard management ( year ), are to grow and prosper thereby providing customer satisfaction, employment, taxes, and contributions to the economyand to control their hazards. According to Milton Friedman, the only social responsibility of a corporation is to make money, by striving after profit as an efficient agent of production, although he admits that the corporation should conform to the rules and norms of society. Corporate responsibility is more composite than a simple, linear cost/benefit analysis. Using the metaphor of corporation as organism, it is possible to outline a new set of responsibilities for corporations and a series of behaviors that human individuals and communities can practice to integrate corporate behavior into the communities. With an ecological model, the ecological responsibilities of corporations, to themselves, to nature, and to human communities, are described. At MCB profit making is an obligatory part of business, but not the sole reason for business. There for MCB ensures that it serves public goods as well as private interests. This is analogous to Ruth Benedicts original anthropological meaning of synergy as applied to individuals. In secure, nonaggressive societies, an individual serves his own advantage as well as that of the group with the same act. Institution ensures mutual advantage; the acts are mutually reinforcing. Economic recession may bring a re-examination of values, not only by individuals who have less material wealth, but by corporations that have emphasized growth. The public may insist that corporations consider social performance as well as strictly economic performance. The single economic purpose may only be the focus in a social environment.MCB is highly concerned about economic actions, such as where to build, who to relocate, hire, or dismiss, may be subjected to greater public scrutiny. Business cannot assert a primary self-interest at a cost to the public or environment. Corporations need to keep track of their environmental impacts. Many of the problems that corporations face are connected to the problems of the environment and society. Corporations need to work cooperatively to make sure the costs and benefits are extended equally throughout the system. They could start by sponsoring the rational use of rare resources through taxation, and by influencing the government to determine priorities for wilderness areas or special landscapes; beautiful, fragile, unique, or endangered ecosystems and species must be protected at the expense of commercial activity. With regards to ecological factors Muslim Commercial Bank have had considerable focus on the ecological diversities in the market some of the existing factors in addition to the future polices and practice have been discussed as under; The bank created a department with ecological authority to envision long-range plans and impacts. They have realized that they need to react more quickly to monitor their ecological and social environments for the emerging patterns that determine their future. They need to anticipate and participate in the social and natural framework. A new department, with global, anticipatory functions could provide direction and continuity. Such a department could be justified in the same manner as military forces. Military expenditure is a non-productive cost; its benefits are general and long-range, that is, it must discourage war in the next decade as well as in this one. Its scope of advice would include educational services as well as advertising, capital acquisitions as well as new products, and plant engineering as well as security. Plan all foreseeable consequences of a product. Advanced technology permits the power to change to overwhelm the ability to foresee the consequences of change. Avoiding the opposite actions of intentions (recognized by the Greeks as the operation of tragedy) is extremely difficult. Good intentions are not enough: Labor-saving devices may contribute to unemployment and social problems; foreign aid may result in starvation for more millions as local agriculture cannot compete; and the environmental management of some species for sustainable yield causes the population to collapse. The bank is determined to optimum corporate size and maintains it. As they perceive that after a point, growth results in inefficiency and non adaptability. Development, on the other hand, can continue for hundreds or thousands of years. A smaller size could mean more flexibility and faster response to local conditions. Recognize material limits. The global economy is probably too large already to be supported by the natural systems of the planet. Find an upper limit to the economy of scale. Accept limits to growth based on materials and on non-renewable or dangerous sources of energy. This should not limit development based on advancing technology and knowledge. Another factor which the bank could focus on is to adjust corporate strategies to changing values. Smaller social and cultural groups have different and diverging values, so corporations are going to have to adjust to a diversity of values instead of to a monolithic standard. The structure of power is disintegrating, with information replacing things as wealth. The knowledge-driven economy is more decentralized and customized. This moves us towards customization of production and away from mass production. Change the shape of the corporation to a framework coordinating separate divisions sharing information. Each division could react much more quickly to market conditions. MCB works to delineate a new information model of production in which the stages of a process (capital, materials, workers, design, advertising, selling) are simultaneous and synthesized. The conception of the product is extended from design (even customer contributions and design of working conditions) to aftercare, including ecologically safe retirement and disposal. The notions of efficiency and productivity are changing. Innovation and computer technology shortens product life cycles. Production diversity is increasing. Convert the information model to an understanding model. Information is just data without appropriate structure. Provide a structure and material base for understanding through communication, education, and training. Furthermore MCB promotes the principle of least effort, allowing the company to consume less, recycle, use longer, and avoid waste. Corporations could develop renewable energy sources. Conduct a complete series of audits, including an energy audit for every building. Reduce office costs through energy conservation planning. Use renewable energy sources. Energy and materials can be used and reused, flowing through the system. Cars are ecologically unacceptable forms of transport, yet companies intrinsically recognize them with large, free parking lots. Discourage commuting; encourage telecommuting or even alternate forms of transportation (bicycling, buses, and trains). Minimize wastes, for instance, by using permanent packaging (milk bottles and cola bottles can be reused forty or more times). Conduct a complete series of audits, including an environmental audit to determine negative impacts, from acid wastes or product disposal, and a problem audit, to include inherited problems. Produce a comprehensive annual impact statement. MCB ensures to maintain the health of natural communities, because environmental health is the basis for community health, and community health is the basis for economic health and worker health. The quality of life depends on the quality of the environment. If the environment is degraded to raise the quality of life, the effect is very limited and can never be self-sustaining. Fitting economic costs and needs to the limits of ecosystems and monitoring the economic process would reduce wastes and pressures on natural processes. The coupling of agricultural productivity to a solar budget, and the conscious restoration of degraded systems, would contribute to the health of ecosystems. The financial institution believes that sufficient wilderness would allow the self-maintenance of global cycles. With the increase in security, wealth, and self-esteem, human populations could be dependent on ecosystem productivities and still be diverse and unique. What made us human was that, in additio n to human social groups, we lived in communities with other species. We learned spontaneously from other animals and enjoyed their company. We are poor and malcontent without them. The management of the bank tends to be accountable for ecological impacts. They believe that the bank should be held more accountable for their technological impact. New technology is more closely regulated. They comprehend this by favoring open appraisal of new technologies. By studying the potential consequences, physical, social, and ecological, as far as possible into the future, of its innovations in information technology, they can gain credibility. Otherwise, it can wait and be forced by public and governmental pressure. Integrate loops and material flows; internalize cycles. The bank tends to avoid interference with natural processes. Technological processes have been brought into balance with the cycles of the earth. They must not damage or degrade natural cycles. Avoid unnecessary harm. It may be appropriate to use trees or to compete with black bears for tree use, but it is never wise to destroy the ecosystem of trees and bears. Laws on pollution and noxious wastes have been notoriously lax and sometimes wrong-headed. Minimal acceptable tolerances are legal, yet people often prefer zero amounts of many substances. Minimal compliance with them is virtuous for many companies, but it would be better to lead to higher standards. Work toward setting zero-level goals. Do not dump exotic or dangerous wastes. Do not discharge quantities of safe wastes. The Corporation maintains building and plants in thousands of locations, each requiring support. Convert to ecological grounds practices. Forgo economic development of key ecosystems, which should not be available for human use. Consider adjusting the economic pace to natural rates; do not cut trees, for instance, faster than they grow. Consider minimizing use of ecosystem productivity to the net ecosystem productivity, rather than the gross productivity, especially as regards fisheries. Another influential feature of MCB is to promote ecological design; the institution is becoming a more responsible member of the community. Thus it would encourage an ecological approach to systems and processes in the whole environment, where the product, with its plant, engineers, and advertisers, is a link in a long biomorphic chain stretching from knives to surgical microchip memory implants. Ecological design has important characteristics for responsible technology: The products are designed by interdisciplinary teams considering all parameters and consequences; ecological sciences offer creative insights into design through a search for underlying organic principles; the product must be related to the particular environment, the tool is a link between human and environment. It is hard to protect communities when the way most business is done tends to disrupt community life. Because of its size, power, and intention (often just for profit), the corporation should take higher risks not lower than the surrounding communities. This will ensure the safety of products and wastes. The work place is not just collection of individuals. It is a number of groups. Group interaction can change attitudes. A working community can build mutual responsibility. Show proper behavior; learn community etiquette. The bank can design the corporate structure and size for the community. Limit unnecessary movement or disruption. Plan the shape, size, and products of the corporation to fit the local community. Encourage self-reliance in communities. Communities can be self-reliant: By producing enough food and shelter; by limiting their population to what can be produced; by using local products and raw materials (soil, minerals, plants); by using general and not specialized machines; by having multipurpose factories; by networking with other communities, and; by doing without things that are not needed, e.g., bombs, food additives, or plastic bottles. Muslim commercial bank is an ecological corporation and could use corporate buying power to promote acceptable technologies and discourage unacceptable practices. Deal less with nuclear weapons contractors and more with solar energy companies. Deal less with one-shot paper companies and more with recycling paper companies. Boycott paper companies involved in Rainforest destruction or old-growth forest destruction. Avoid banks that invest in anything that brings a high return, from third-world debt to Amazonian destruction and South African discrimination. Favor peace-oriented companies as business partners. And, refuse to participate in work that is socially destructive. Economic development and social progress are necessary for the welfare of humanity, but must be conducted with environmental knowledge. The goal of economics and politics is to provide suitable and comfortable human habitations and meaningful activities. Human settlements must be planned and constructed within environmental constraints and according to ecological priorities. Work to preserve the structure of the natural and social communities. Corporations can encourage decentralization and restore schools, clinics, and shops to local communities. Offer cooperative control with the community. Change the pattern of ownership to reflect employee and community participation. The bank is promoting ecological education. Encouraging cultural traditions; refusing to let social and spiritual needs be subverted by economic ends. Helping to lead the young into their adult responsibilities through training and participation, such as with apprenticeship programs. They could also educate people in appropriate ways to achieve wealth and well-being. Teach appreciation of the services rendered by nature through flows and cycling. Point out the unexpectedness of the consequences of even simple corporate interventions and innovations, e.g., positive feedback, biological concentration of poisons, and synergetic effects of simple new chemicals like CFCs. Trace the complex and reciprocal relations of soil, climate, vegetation, and human activity. Emphasize that a fixed set of ecological parameters in an ecosystem cannot be maintained in a sustainable way, because the system is dynamic and changing. Put computers in proper perspective. Children do not need computers to dev elop the powers of thought, but they do need an ecological curriculum where animals display greater powers of mind than computers or machines. The important technological advantages of a computer, word-processing, database searches, complex connections, and rapid computation, are not really needed before high school, unlike myths, languages, and physical activities. Encourage people to take responsibility for all of their actions, from reproduction to consumption and politics. The responsibility for the welfare of the citizens belongs in the community, as does education, safety, and the whole infrastructure. Corporate management is responsible for developing programs to set goals, modify structures, and introduce criteria to measure progress. The Board of Directors is responsible, as the architects of responsibility and stewards of the human and material resources; the government is responsible, in its legislative, judicial, and regulatory functions.

Management And Treatment And Psychosocial Aspects Of Pneumonia Biology Essay

Management And Treatment And Psychosocial Aspects Of Pneumonia Biology Essay This essay will explore the pathophysiology, management and treatment, and psychosocial aspects of pneumonia in an adult patient. Information has been obtained by the means of history taking, examination, and analysing the patients medical records to form a case study in which the sections mentioned will be considered in relation to the case study. Section A Case History VD is a 68 year old female who was admitted into the acute medical unit (AMU) on 29/1/11 following complaints of generally feeling unwell and chest pain. She had a history of feeling unwell since 25/1/11 coupled with chest pain. This pain was a sharp pain under her right breast which was intermittent and radiated around her chest to her back. The pain was worse on inspiration or when coughing, and was relieved by over-the-counter analgesia. She also felt sweaty, pyrexic (39.7  °C), had rigors and aches over her body, however she was not short of breath. She also had symptoms of a non productive dry cough, poor appetite and vomiting once in AMU (watery and colourless). She previously had no episodes of nausea and vomiting, no palpitations or headaches, no urinary symptoms and normal bowel movements. She has not had any recent contact with anyone who had similar symptoms. In her past medical history she was diagnosed with Sjà ¶grens syndrome and systemic sclerosis last year; both systemic autoimmune diseases. She was on two courses of antibiotics last year for associated pleuritic chest pain. Her family history consisted of her father having ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and her mother dying from lung cancer, although she was a heavy smoker. She currently lives with her husband at home and her occupation is as a shop assistant; this indicates that the infection she has is most likely to be community acquired. She has been a lifelong non-smoker and she does not drink alcohol. She was on no regular medication prior to being admitted, but is now on 1000mg of paracetamol four times a day (QDS) and 500mg of amoxicillin three times a day (TDS). She has no allergies. On examination in a respiratory ward, VD was apyrexial with a blood pressure reading of 95/65, a heart rate of 95 beats per minute and a respiratory rate of 18 breaths per minute. Oxygen saturations (SATS) were 96% in air and she was speaking in full sentences, whilst looking generally comfortable at rest. Her hands seemed dry and scaly on inspection but there were no abnormalities on her face. On palpation of her chest, there was equal chest expansion and no tracheal deviation. There were also no enlargement of cervical or supraclavicular nodes. On percussion, there were dull sounds that could be heard on both right and left lung bases. On ausculatation, coarse crackles could also be heard in the right and left lung bases. There were no abnormal heart sounds heard and her capillary refill time (CRT) was less than 3 seconds. Her abdomen was soft and non tender, and normal bowel sounds were heard. There was normal tone, power and reflexes in all 4 limbs and her Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS ) score was 15/15. Her arterial blood gas values were as follows: pH 7.43, pCO2 5.49, pO2 10.1, HCO3- 26.8, basal excess of 2.8 and glucose of 5.6; these values indicated that she was not in respiratory failure. She was also found to have a raised C reactive protein (CRP) of 210, with a high neutophil count of 10.1. Her chest x-ray film revealed consolidation in her right lung base and no pneumothorax. The impression from the x-ray was that it was right lower lobar pneumonia (Figure 1 is an example of what VDs x-ray would have looked like). 1 No blood cultures were recorded in her notes as it was assumed that due to the neutrophilia the likely source was bacterial. After being initially treated with intravenous (IV) antibiotics in hospital, her symptoms were relieved, no crackles could be heard and her chest was clearing up on 1/2/11. She was then discharged in the afternoon on 2/2/11 given the instructions to continue with her course of oral amoxicillin. Section B Pathophysiology Introduction Pneumonia can be described as an inflammation to the lungs distal airways, particularly the alveoli, usually with a bacterial infection being the origin. 2 3 It clinically presents as an acute illness which can include fever, cough and purulent sputum, although the latter was not present in VD. Pneumonias can be classified by the site of the consolidation (anatomically), or by the aetiology of the disease (see Table 1). 2 3 VD was suspected to have lobar pneumonia after looking at her chest x-ray. The majority of lobar pneumonias are due to Streptococcus pneumonia and can affect a large part, or a whole lobe of the lung. 3 Lobar Pneumonia There are four stages to the pathology of lobar pneumonia, which is a classic example of acute inflammation; these are: congestion, red hepatisation, grey hepatisation and resolution. 3 Congestion is the first stage and lasts for approximately 24 hours. This is represented by protein-rich exudates leaking into the alveolar spaces and also causing venous congestion consequently causing the lung to become oedematous, heavier and redder in colour. 3 The next stage is red hepatisation which has a duration of a few days. Large numbers of polymorphs (neutrophils and basophils) accumulate in the alveolar spaces along with some lymphocytes and macrophages. 3 Many erythrocytes are extravasated from the distended capillaries into the lung tissue, along with the overlying pleura being covered with fibrinous exudates. 3 The lung is now solid and airless, resembling a fresh liver. Figure 1 supports the latter statement by showing a solid consolidation in the right lower lobe. When the lung become s grey and solid, this is grey hepatisation. This also lasts a few days and represents further accumulation of fibrin coupled with the destruction of leukocytes and erythrocytes. 3 The final stage is resolution, whereby the lung reverts to its normal condition. 4 This happens at approximately 8-10 days in cases which are untreated and is when the cells and fibrin in the alveoli undergo fatty degeneration. 3 4 This causes the exudates to be converted into an emulsion, producing a yellow pus-like appearance. 4 The exudates are now in a condition where they can be reabsorbed, whilst preserving the underlying alveolar wall structure. 3 4 The lungs would be softer but remain solid, and this would be confirmed on an x-ray by consolidation of the lungs. Co-morbidities VDs history also mentioned having a background history of Sjà ¶grens syndrome and systemic sclerosis; both systemic autoimmune diseases. Sjà ¶grens syndrome is an inflammatory disease that predominantly affects the exocrine glands with an association to HLA-B8/DR3, which usually causes dryness in the eyes and mouth. 2 5 However it can also cause extra glandular problems such as: Raynauds phenomenon, arthritis and lung inflammation, causing degradation of the lining of the bronchioles and alveoli consequently causing lung infections. 2 5 6 Systemic sclerosis, also known as systemic scleroderma, is a multi-system autoimmune disease in which the cause is unknown. 2 It mainly causes tightness and hardening of the skin (such as VDs hands) but other systems can also be affected, such as the lungs. 2 There is some destruction to the lungs in patients with scleroderma which can lead to right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension. 7 Other complications that involve the lungs include pulmonary haemorrhage, pneumothorax and pneumonia. 7 Summary VD had come in with an acute infection and was diagnosed with pneumonia. Her right lower lobe was consolidated meaning that she has had it for a few days as protein exudates have leaked into the alveolar spaces and becoming fibrinous, showing up as solid on the chest x-ray, with her CRP (a marker of inflammation) also being raised. VDs medical history last year stated that she had suffered from two previous chest infections that required antibiotics for her to recover. This could possibly be due to the autoimmune diseases aforementioned that she had recently been diagnosed with, causing her to be more predisposed to contracting infections, especially in her respiratory tract. She is currently not on immunosuppressant drugs, but if she were to be for her autoimmune conditions it would then be detrimental to her immune system. This would leave her still being prone to acquiring infections, leaving her in quite a predicament. Section C Treatment and Management VD was on 1000mg of oral paracetamol QDS and 500mg of oral amoxicillin three TDS by the time she was moved to the respiratory ward. The main actions of these drugs were to improve her feverish symptoms and pain whilst also attempting to clear up her infection. Paracetamol Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen in the USA) is one of the most widely used non-narcotic, analgesic and antipyretic over-the-counter drugs in the world. 8-11 It has properties resembling those of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as its analgesic and antipyrexic actions, which can be traced back to the inhibition of the central nervous systems prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. 8 9 It also shares some anti-inflammatory properties, however it does not produce the platelet or gastric side effects that the other NSAIDs do, thus causing argument as to whether it should even be classified as an NSAID at all. 8 It is commonly given orally and is metabolised in the liver, with a half life of approximately 2-4 hours, hence why VD was given it QDS to avoid toxic doses. Mechanism of Action It is considered that the main mechanism of paracetamol is the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), COX-2 in particular as studies have shown that it is highly selective towards it. Due to its high selectivity towards COX-2, its inhibition towards pro-clotting thromboxanes is limited. 9 It is said that paracetamol works centrally and is a weak inhibitor of PG synthesis in intact cells, if the concentrations of arachidonic acid available are low enough, through the inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. 12 This concept was based on research that discovered that PG production in the brain was more sensitive to inhibition from paracetamol by tenfold compared to the spleen. 9 The COX enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of prostaglandin H2 from arachidonic acid. 9 This is an unstable molecule that can form many pro-inflammatory compounds; COX is highly active when oxidised. 9 12 The oxidised form of the COX enzyme is reduced by paracetamol, stopping it from creating pro-inflammat ory compounds. This lowers the amount of PGE2 in the central nervous system, therefore decreasing the set-point of the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus. 9 Exactly how the mechanism of the inhibition of the COX enzymes is still in discussion. Due to the differences of activity between NSAIDs and paracetamol, it is thought that there may be another variant of the COX enzyme that paracetamol interacts with, COX-3 a splice variant of the COX-1 enzyme; however this is just a hypothesis and has yet to be proven. 8 9 12 Side Effects When paracetamol is given at therapeutic doses adverse effects are uncommonly seen, although allergic skin reactions are sometimes observed. 8 Fatal hepatotoxicity can be potentially caused by toxic doses of paracetamol (10-15 grams). 8 Initial symptoms are nausea and vomiting, followed by liver damage after 24-48 hours. 8 13 This happens when the enzymes in the liver, cytochrome P450, catalysing the normal conjugation reactions become saturated, and consequently causes the drug to be metabolised instead by mixed function oxidases. 8 A toxic metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, is formed and inactivated by conjugation with glutathione. 8 13 However when glutathione levels are depleted, the toxic metabolite accumulates and reacts with nucleophilic constituents in the cell, causing necrosis in the liver and kidney tubules. 8 Contraindications Paracetamol is generally well tolerated by the liver when polypharmacy is involved. However, evidence has shown that chronic alcoholics are more susceptible to paracetamol hepatotoxicity, even at therapeutic levels. 13 Chronic alcohol ingestion induces hepatic microsomal enzymes (CYP2E1) by twofold and can increase paracetamol hepatotoxicity, due to increased amounts of the toxic metabolite. 13 Amoxicillin Amoxicillin is a moderate to broad spectrum, ÃŽÂ ²-lactam antibiotic that is commonly used to treat infections that are caused by susceptible bacteria, pneumonia being one of them. 8 14 A derivative of penicillin, this semi synthetic ÃŽÂ ²-lactam antibiotic is created by adding different side chains to the penicillin nucleus, causing it to become broad-spectrum. 8 It is sometimes combined with clavulanic acid in treatment to form co-amoxiclav, which is more effective in treatment nowadays due to the increase in antibiotic resistance; microorganisms are now developing a resistance to penicillins by secreting ÃŽÂ ²-lactamases and the addition of clavulanic acid inhibits this enzyme. 8 Pharmokinetic Aspects The routes of administration are quite vast: when given orally, amoxicillin is absorbed to a different degree compared to other penicillins as it depends on their stability in acid and their adsorption to foodstuffs in the gut. 8 It can also be administered through intramuscular or intravenous injections; however intrathecal administration is generally avoided as it can cause convulsions. 8 Elimination of amoxicillin is rapid and mainly due to the kindneys, with 90% being through tubular secretion. This however may be advantageous as the inhibition to cell wall synthesis is intermittent rather than continuous, and exposure to the drug is reduced. 8 Mechanism of Action Î’-lactam antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan leading to lysis of the bacterium; this peptidoglycan is crucial for the structural integrity of the cell wall in bacteria, particularly organisms that are Gram-positive. 8 In the synthesis of a peptidoglycan, the final stage is transpeptidation which involves transpeptidases known as penicillin binding proteins (PDPs). Î’-lactam antibiotics attach to these PDPs on bacteria and inhibit the transpeptidases that cross-link the peptide chains attached to the backbone of the peptidoglycan. 8 15 16 The ÃŽÂ ²-lactam antibiotics are closely related to D-alanyl, the terminal amino acid of the peptidoglycan layer. 15 16 The similarity between these two structures allows for the antibiotic and the amino acid to promote their binding to the PDP. 15 The binding of the ÃŽÂ ²-lactam nucleus to the residue of the PDP is irreversible, and it is this irreversible binding of the PDP that disr upts the final transpeptidation of the peptidoglycan layer and consequently inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. 8 15 16 The inhibition of transpeptidation due to the ÃŽÂ ²-lactams causes an accumulation of peptidoglycan precursors, which initiates autolytic enzymes to lyse the excess peptidoglycan. 8 Under normal circumstances, the peptidoglycan precursors inhibit the autolytic enzymes; however the ÃŽÂ ²-lactams inactivate this and halt the process. 8 Unwanted Effects Penicillins are mainly free from toxic effects. The main side effects are hypersensitivity reactions caused by by-products of the breakdown of penicillin, which combine with the host protein and become antigenic. 8 Skin rashes and fever are common but much more serious is acute anaphylactic shock which can be fatal in some cases. 8 When administered orally, penicillins, particularly broad-spectrum types such as amoxicillin, can disturb the bacterial flora in the gut; this can be associated with gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances. 8 Summary VD had no complications and responded well to the treatment that she was given. It was suspected that she had community acquired pneumonia and that the treatment would be a broad-spectrum antibiotic to fight the infection. Paracetamol was also prescribed to alleviate her symptoms. As paracetamol and amoxicillin work on different receptors, there were no contraindications to her treatment. She was given medication intravenously, but once she moves onto oral amoxicillin, she must be aware of GI side effects that may occur. Section D Psychosocial Aspects and Public Health Psychosocial Aspects Although initially there may not be many psychosocial aspects to pneumonia, VD could be suffering indirectly from it. A sufferer of Sjà ¶grens syndrome, VD is susceptible to fatigue which can be physically and mentally exhausting. This can lead to depression, emotional stress and general lethargy. As VD is susceptible to getting infections such as pneumonia due to Sjà ¶grens syndrome, it can also further impact on her psychologically whilst dealing with those infections as her quality of life may be significantly reduced. 17 It is important that a patient with Sjà ¶grens syndrome can address these issues to a health professional if they are ever in distress as psychosocial factors may lead to non-compliance in their treatment. Epidemiology There have been many population studies that have been investigating the annual incidence rate of community acquired pneumonia (CAP). In adults, this can vary from, 2.6-13.4 per 1000 inhabitants, with somewhat higher figures in males and at the extreme ages of life. 18 19 Rates of hospitalization range between 22-51%, with annual mortality rates between 0.1-0.7 per 1000 patients. 20 In approximately 50% of patients with CAP, a pathogen of cause was determined. Streptococcus pneumoniae is found in 20-75% of the cases followed by Mycoplasma pneumoniae at 1-18%, Chlamydia pneumoniae at 4-19% and other viruses from 2-15%.20 C. pneumoniae, however, has arisen as a noteworthy pulmonary pathogen in adult pneumonia patients requiring hospitalization. 20 Cost-effectiveness of Patient Care On average there are roughly 4.5 million visits annually to outpatient clinics, emergency departments and physicians offices due to CAP. 21 However, there has been very little in terms of studies gathering national data on the costs of CAP treatment. One study showed that there was, a total cost of $4.8 billion for treating patients aged à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥65 years and $3.6 billion for treating patients aged Conclusion VD was an elderly woman who was admitted into hospital complaining of acute chest pain and fever for the last few days. After taking a detailed history and examination from her, and with confirmation from a chest X-ray she was diagnosed with right lower lobe community acquired pneumonia. Due to the high neutrophil count in her alveolar spaces, the causative pathogen was most likely to be bacterial and so VD was promptly treated with intravenous amoxicillin, a broad spectrum ÃŽÂ ²-lactam antibiotic that works by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls. Paracetamol was also prescribed to alleviate her feverish and chest pain symptoms by inhibiting COX enzymes and PG synthesis in the CNS. Having been diagnosed with chronic autoimmune diseases that can lead to increased susceptibility to chest infections, this can lead to psychological issues such as depression. Recurrent admissions will also be costly to the NHS; if alternative treatments that can allow patients to be treated in an outpatient setting are possible, then there could be significant reductions in cost, particularly for patients over 65.